Blogs > Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic weekly update for Malvern SeniorsClick to read our observations on politics and world events 24th July 2022 THE PRESENT WAVE OF CASES AND HOSPITALISATIONS MAY HAVE PEAKED PreambleFor more than two years we have been keeping an eye on the published government figures and monitoring the media to asses the likely level of risk for Seniors in the Malvern Hills district and providing links to where further information could be found. During the epidemic Public Health England was split into the UK Health Security Agency and Office for Health Improvements and Disparities. However for simplicity, in this blog, we have continued to refer to this as PHE data. Testing has been run down and the public can no longer record the result of Lateral Flow tests so the daily cases reported on the Coronavirus Dashboard greatly underestimate the actual situation, and so we have deleted our section on testing; this can however be found on archived pages. The only remaining sources of data indicating direction of travel are:
Now the epidemic is largely over the numbers are of less importance, but we'll carry on with our blog for a little while longer. This page will continue to be updated each weekend using Friday's data, nominally with Sunday's date. ContentsSummaryThe current wave of COVID-19 caused by the Omicron BA.5 variant, which the Wuhan vaccines rarely stop us catching, appears to have peaked so a gradual decline in cases and the number of patients in hospital can be expected. As a result of the sheer number of COVID-19 infections, (ONS) weekly deaths in England and Wales can be expected to creep up to between 500 and 750 in the next fortnight and then subside. Exactly what happens will depend on the effectiveness of the Spring Boosters. That's nothing to be concerned about at present - because of the vaccines, the number of patients on ventilators and deaths is only 4% of that during the worst of the epidemic. There is still a fair chance many of us will catch COVID-19 in coming weeks despite being fully vaccinated for the original Wuhan strain. The hard truth is, with regard to catching the disease, the virus has largely mutated to evade both the Wuhan vaccines and protection conferred by previous infections. According to an Australian source, 28 days after recovering from COVID you may catch it again. Click for article - how soon can I get COVID again The lucky may either show few symptoms or have a mild fever, sore throat, general aches and pains, and quickly get over it; but others could feel quite poorly and spend a few days in bed, with it taking five to ten days or so to recover. Many of those who have caught COVID report getting easily tired for some weeks afterwards. We are told very few of those infected with Omicron are admitted to hospital. Any precautions to take are now a personal decision; see our advice. To reduce the likelyhood of hospitalisation amongst the most vulnerable, a second COVID-19 booster jab has been available to Seniors aged 75+ years known as the Spring Booster. UKHSA recommends everyone eligible should get it, but the Coronavirus Dashboard figures suggests about 20% of those aged 75+ in England have yet to step forward, if the vaccine hesitant are taken into account. Some surgeries are offering the Spring Booster, but if not you can still get it at the Three Counties Showground vaccination centre (use brown gate). Click for information about Walk-In Clinics Click for information about the Spring Booster Click for Worcestershire Dashboard and associated links The government says there will be an Autumn booster programme for those aged 50+ years; this will be a phased roll out of both COVID and Flu jabs; details to follow. Note: following Sajid Javid's resignation, Stephen Barclay is now Health Secretary. Monkeypox updateOutbreaks of Monkeypox have been detected in Europe and the UK. It's a serious and now a notifiable disease. Click below for European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control factsheet:- Factsheet for health professionals on Monkeypox AP News reports the WHO has declared this a global emergency. UN health agency chief declares monkeypox a global emergency As of 18th July 2022, there were 2,137 confirmed cases in the UK. This compares to 1,856 cases on 14th July, an increase of about 70 cases per day. The number of daily cases is increasing slightly, but should be shrinking were the outbreak being brought under control. Scientists don't yet know why the disease has begun to spread. The overwhelming majority of cases are said to be in men who have sex with men, and 75% of cases have been in London. Click link: Monkeypox cases confirmed in England - latest UKHSA update The good news for Seniors is that vaccination for Smallpox, which we mostly had as children, should give protection from Monkeypox. How to get vaccinated for COVID-19Note: by now we expect most Seniors are fully vaccinated and if so you can skip this section. COVID has mutated so the original Wuhan vaccines do not stop the disease being passed on to someone else. The purpose of vaccination is now to prevent severe illness, which results in hospitalisation, and death. Children aged 5 - 11 years can be offered the vaccine, though only 10% or so have had a first dose in England. This may be because either they have been recently infected or their parents are not keen. All those aged 16+ years can book a booster 3 months after their second dose. Click NHS link - Who can get a coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine For information about walk-in centres in Worcestershire go to the website: and click the Vaccine Rollout tab at the top of the page. Click for information about vaccination at the Three Counties Showground Otherwise either see the NHS website for walk-in opening times and vaccine availability: Or click this link for more information and to book a vaccination on-line: Book a Coronavirus vaccination - NHS (www.nhs.uk) Or talk to your GP. More about vaccinationsVaccinometerOur bar chart below shows the total number of:
Vaccinometer as of 8th April 2022 People are still coming forward to be vaccinated, but the rate is so slow expect to see little change to this chart during 2022. Vaccination statistics are now of little relevance but can be found on the Vaccination tab of the Coronavirus Dashboard. What's more important is that those who have chosen to be vaccinated get their booster jabs. First booster jabsLast Christmas, all adults were offered a third jab (or booster) to reduce the likelyhood of hospitalisation after being infected by the Omicron variant of COVID-19. Spring booster jabs for SeniorsThose aged 75+ are eligible for a second (Spring) booster which ideally should be 6 months after the first booster. If you have COVID you must wait at least 28 days after infection before getting the jab. You should be contacted by the NHS and invited to book your spring booster when it's due - our invitation came by email followed a week later by a letter. Try to book an appointment around 6 months after your last dose to get the best protection from your Spring Booster (check the date on your vaccination card). New Court Surgery is currently not offering Spring Boosters so you may have to book your booster at a mass vaccination centre, such as the Three Counties Showground, either on-line or by phoning 119. There are also walk-in appointments at the Three Counties Showground (see links in 'how to get vaccinated section' for days and times). Clinics may be suspended during large events. Click to book a Coronavirus vaccination - NHS (www.nhs.uk) Click for NHS England COVID-19 Vaccination statistics Protection against hospitalisationAfter 3 months the Wuhan vaccines seem to give little protection from catching the Omicron variants of COVID-19 but importantly they are said to protect from going on to develop severe illness and admittance to hospital. The UKHSA COVID-19 vaccine surveillance reports indicate the effectiveness of the vaccines against earlier variants - four months or so after a third dose vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation fell to about 80%, suggesting Seniors had been roughly 5 times less likely to go into hospital compared to an unvaccinated person. Note: there has been insufficient time to gather reliable data on the Spring Booster and the latest variants BA.4 and BA.5, so for example, the protection offered against hospitalisation by BA.5 after a Spring booster is largely unknown. Effectiveness against mortalityAfter a Booster the relative risk of death seems to be reduced by a factor of between 5 and 10. Most people who die are aged 85+ years and most are fully vaccinated; this simply reflects that most of those who die are elderly, most of the elderly population is vaccinated, and the vaccines are not 100% effective. Here is a link to the latest report so you can make up your own mind about the effectiveness of the vaccines. Click for UKHSA COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report Week 27, 7th July 2022 Note: the next report will be in a months time, on 4th August 2022. Vaccinations WorldwideA chart of the worldwide vaccination situation can be found on the Our World in Data website. Click for worldwide statistics Hint: click the country list on the left hand side of the screen to add or remove countries from the chart. Number of casesThere are now three sources reporting the prevalence of COVID-19 in the UK.
ONS infection surveyONS estimate that 3,147,700 people in England had COVID-19 in the week ending 13th July; 10% more than last week compared to an 33% rise the week before that. Click for Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey, UK: 15th July 2022
Prevalence of COVID-19 in England estimated by ONS In Scotland 1:15 are infected, while in NI cases have begun falling. Zoe Health StudyThe ZOE Health Study figures are shown in the following table.
Prevalence of COVID-19 in UK estimated by Zoe Health Study According to the more up-to-date Zoe figures prevalence in the UK is about the same as last week but daily cases fell by 17% suggesting the current wave of infections may have peaked in England. Numbers testing COVID positive in Worcestershire (PHE)Note: this section has been deleted due to COVID testing being run down in the UK; figures can still be found on the Worcestershire Coronavirus dashboard - but these greatly underestimate the true number of infections. The direction of travel in Malvern was up but is now down. Click for Worcestershire Coronavirus Dashboard Number of deathsStatistics on COVID deaths are published by Public Health England, The Office of National Statistics, and NHS England. These can't be directly compared as they cover different periods, but together the figures paint a picture of the direction of travel - which is that COVID weekly deaths are rising tracking the increase in cases, delayed by 2 weeks or so. PHE figuresThe Dashboard chart of COVID (28) deaths, following a positive test, by date of death shows that the 7 day average peaked in England at 240 deaths per day about 10th April; and fell to a minimum of 40 about 10th June. By 11th July deaths had risen to 133 per day an increase of 33% on the previous week. This is the most up-to-date indicator of the direction of travel of daily deaths. Note that some of the deaths reported by PHE will be people who die with COVID but not from it. Click to view the UK government Coronavirus Dashboard ONS figuresThe Office of National Statistics (ONS) reports registered deaths in England and Wales where COVID-19 is mentioned somewhere on the death certificate. The ONS figures lag the PHE figures by 10 - 14 days and do not include Northern Ireland and Scotland. Note: the figures include cases where COVID may have been a secondary cause of death. Click for national ONS data on deaths (Excel spreadsheet) The ONS figures are broken down by District providing a glimpse of where deaths are occurring. The provisional cumulative total of COVID related deaths in Worcestershire reported by the ONS up to 8th July (week 27 of 2022) is shown below. Note: the numbers are from summation of rows 9 to 339 of the ONS Death Registrations-Pivot table, which gives the provisional total of deaths reported in any week, which can be distorted by delayed reporting over public holidays. Deaths by 'date of death' is a more accurate metric but takes longer to be confirmed.
Provisional cumulative COVID-19 deaths in Worcestershire registered by ONS to 8th July 2022 There was 1 death in hospital in Bromsgrove; 1 death in hospital in the city of Worcester; 1 death at home in Wychavon; and 1 death in a care home in Wyre Forest. In England and Wales 421 COVID-19 related deaths were reported in the week to 8th July, 92 more than the week before and a rise of 28%. Of these 55 were in a care home, 40 at home, 12 in a hospice, 312 in hospital and 2 elsewhere. So far this year in England and Wales 21,032 people have died with COVID mentioned on their death certificate.
ONS provisional deaths 'by week reported' in England and Wales 2022 Note: the steps in the chart above in weeks 18 and 22 were probably due to delayed reporting over the Easter, Mayday and Jubilee holidays. The chart shows waves of deaths from new variants are gradually reducing in height. The figures on the Coronavirus Dashboard of ONS deaths by date on the death certificate shows ONS England deaths peaked at 160 deaths per day on 8th April, dipped to 25 about 10th June, then increasing to 44 by 17th June (seven day average). A 33% increase on the previous week. In comparison averaged over recent years 1,700 people die daily from all causes in the UK, so COVID deaths in England now represent about 3% of UK deaths. Click for ONS Coronavirus (COVID-19) latest insights: Deaths Note: deaths reported by ONS are lower than those reported by PHE and there are two reasons for this. First the PHE figures include people who die with COVID but not from it. Second the ONS figures lag behind real time, so when the death rate is rising ONS under reports the true picture. NHS England figures for WorcestershireThe table below shows the latest COVID deaths in Worcestershire hospitals reported by NHS England on 21st July 2022.
Excludes deaths in care homes, deaths at home and deaths in hospices. Click for NHS COVID-19 total announced deaths Look for COVID Total announced deaths file, then select tab Deaths by Trust. Note: NHS say all deaths are recorded against the date of death rather than the date the deaths were announced. As from 1st July 2022 reporting has moved to publication once per week on a Thursday, rather than every weekday. Risk of COVID-19 death by age bandNHS England provides an analysis of COVID-19 deaths in hospital in England and Wales by age band. Shown below is a snapshot of 2,898 recent deaths for the period 6th May 2022 to 6th July 2022 when most of these deaths will have been from the Omicron variants.
Relative risk of COVID-19 death by age band May - July 2022 The main point to note is those aged 60+ still account for 93% of deaths despite young people being more likely to catch COVID-19. The risk profile for Omicron appears to be the same as for Delta. Age is the greatest risk factor. Healthcare numbersThe UK government Coronavirus Dashboard includes information about healthcare statistics and NHS bed occupancy.
Headline summary of patients in hospital reported on 20th July 2022 The figures suggest the current wave of infections has reached a peak and may be beginning to fall. A point to note is that, despite cases being very high, the number of patients on ventilators is relatively small; at the peak of the epidemic about 4,000 patients were on ventilators. The majority of those admitted to hospital with COVID are elderly. Roughly half are being treated for COVID, and the remainder being treated for another condition with COVID. Bed numbers by region in EnglandTabulated figures for COVID bed occupancy in England can be found on the NHS England website and are another indicator of direction of travel: Click for NHS England COVID-19 Hospital bed Activity statistics Note: see the latest Daily Admissions and Beds spreadsheets, then look for all COVID beds.
Comparison of All beds COVID data for England, London and Midlands There are now more people occupying COVID hospital beds than when the government declared the COVID emergency over on 19th July 2021. In the last week the number of COVID-19 General and Acute beds fell by 4% in England, rose by 1% in London and fell by 7% in the Midlands. This suggests the current wave of the COVD-19 BA.5 variant may have peaked and if so bed occupancy should fall next week. For comparison, the number of beds occupied during the peak of the epidemic in January 2021 is shown in red in the right hand column of the table. Worcestershire hospital bedsBetween 11 July 2022 and 17 July 2022, 87 patients went into hospital with coronavirus. This shows a decrease of 23% compared to the previous 7 days. There were 124 patients in hospital with coronavirus on 19 July 2022 an increase of 8 on the previous week, of which 2 are on a ventilator. Click for Summary of Malvern numbers on the Coronavirus dashboard This link also reports deaths. Deaths in Malvern HillsBetween 9 July 2022 and 15 July 2022, there was 1 death within 28 days of a positive coronavirus test. Forecast for the week aheadThe number of COVID related deaths in England and Wales (as registered by ONS) may increase by about 500 in Week 28 ending 15th July, to be reported on 26th July. In the county of Worcestershire, based on 84 new hospital cases last week and assuming the ratio of deaths to be 1:11 of admissions, then there should be no more than 8 COVID deaths per week in the middle of August. We expect NHS COVID bed occupancy to fall in England next week as the current wave of infection begins to subside. Longer term outlookTheoretically we were supposed to have entered the endemic stage of the disease with a high background level of infection, falling in the summer as more time is spent outdoors, and then rising in the winter. In the absence of safety measures, this model seems not to work for the latest variants of COVID-19. Emerging factors are new variants against which the vaccines offer increasingly less protection; vaccinations waning in effectiveness; booster shots; overseas travel during school holidays; and super-spreader events such as summer music festivals; so it has become almost impossible for computer models to predict what happens next. We are already in early summer and instead of cases falling they have been rising. Cases could dip a little in August and September as we gradually emerge from the BA.5 wave before rising again in October/November when more time is spent indoors with the windows shut. The Omicron BA.1 variant became predominant in New Year 2022, followed by BA.2 and now BA.5 causing 3 waves of COVID so far, and there may be more ripples to come as the virus evolves. About 4% of those infected could suffer from symptoms of Long COVID. Long COVID caused by previous variants, such as Delta, could be extremely debilitating, but thankfully most cases attributable to Omicron are said to resolve in between 4 and 12 weeks. After dipping to about 200 deaths per week, ONS deaths have been rising tracking hospital admissions delayed by two weeks or so. The England and Wales ONS death rate is already 421 deaths per week and could rise proportionally towards 750 COVID deaths per week in early August; but the peak could be a little lower due to the Spring Booster programme. Then in a couple of weeks or so we should see the death rate begin to fall as infections drop. The value of having annual COVID vaccinations, as with Flu, is being questioned given the virus is so widespread and changing so fast. Unless there is a new vaccine capable of combatting different variants, it may be, as with the common cold, that we have to soldier on with occasional repeat infections and no cure. Most members of the British public appear reluctant to wear face masks, so there could be value in health professionals and engineers looking to improve ventilation in all workplaces and public buildings in order to reduce the circulation of respiratory diseases. This would cost money so is unlikely to happen to any great extent; but one might hope for improvements to be designed into new systems. Cases of Influenza A are beginning to rise in Australia, which points to the possibility of a significant outbreak of Influenza in the UK in the winter. Because of lockdowns there hasn't been much Influenza for two years and the immunity of the population may have dipped. Catching Influenza and COVID at the same time could be bad news so don't forget your Flu jab in September/October. Barring new variants resulting in higher mortality, the bottom line is that there could be a lot of COVID around for months but because of the vaccines relatively few people are likely to die and for most there should be little to worry about, apart from either having to take time off work or missing a holiday. It seems to us that providing UK COVID deaths remain below 700 per week, it is unlikely the public and government will be concerned. Advice for SeniorsThe risk of exposure to COVID-19 remains HIGH in the UK and many European countries and this situation could continue for some months. See our riskometer opposite. During this period of high prevalence, it is likely that, despite being fully vaccinated, many Seniors will at some time or other become ill with COVID-19. How this affects us will depend on any previous exposure to the virus, and vaccines giving protection from severe illness. Those most at risk are said to include:
In the last month there have been no more than 14 COVID related deaths per week in Worcestershire which has a population of 600,000 so we currently estimate the risk of death for fully vaccinated Seniors to be less than 1% per year which we judge LOW while the risk of Long COVID is a little higher. Currently the chance of Seniors being hospitalised with COVID-19 in any period of 12 months is less than 4% which we judge moderately LOW. Many people are now taking the view that COVID is no longer a critical threat to their health. For the more cautious the simple safeguards to remember are to:
Notes: 1) Wash your hands thoroughly before touching your face to avoid transferring virus from contaminated surfaces to your mouth, eyes and nose. If outdoors, wash hands with an alcohol based hand gel. 2) Two metres is further than you think - roughly an arm and a walking stick away. 3) The Zoe Health Study people suggest that if you have symptoms of a common cold there is a chance you might have COVID. 4) If you are 'clinically vulnerable' consult your GP or specialist; you may need to take a test and consider anti viral drugs if testing positive. 5) However careful you are, don't be too surprised if you catch COVID as the Omicron variants are highly infectious and the Wuhan vaccines give little protection against transmission and infection (although they do reduce the severity of symptoms). AnnexCommentaryDuring the epidemic about 200,000 individuals have now died with the elderly and disabled being over-represented. This weekIt's a year since Freedom Day when on 19th July 2021 the government declared the COVID-19 epidemic in the UK all but over. This week Independent SAGE looks back over what has happened since:- About 39,000 more residents of the UK have died with mention of COVID-19 on their death certificate, and patients with COVID-19 have been an increasing burden on NHS hospitals. The epidemic was not over, but there was little messaging from the new Health Secretary Sajid Javid until December 2021 when the need for booster jabs was announced to combat the Omicron variant. The NHS remains in crisis with extended waiting times at A and E, long waits for ambulances, ambulances queued outside hospitals, tired staff, and patients having to wait weeks if not months to get their test results. Adults are suffering less from Omicron than Delta, perhaps because of vaccination, but more children are being admitted to hospital albeit in relatively small numbers. Independent SAGE think there should be more NHS support for those continuing to suffer from debilitating symptoms of Long COVID particularly children. According to an Australian source, 28 days after recovering from COVID you could catch it again. Click for article - how soon can I get COVID again Because COVID is mutating so fast a new type of vaccine is needed capable of tackling a spectrum of variants.. Independent SAGE has proposed a seven point plan to slow the spread of infections:- A SEVEN POINT PLAN TO SUPPRESS COVID INFECTIONS AND REDUCE DISRUPTIONS While COVID circulates at a high level we are warned to expect the unexpected. Not sure that helps much - one gets the impression the government is standing scientists down assuming the pandemic is over. COVID video updatesLinks to updates by Professor Tim Spector of the Zoe Health Study, Independent SAGE and pundit Dr John Campbell can be found here:- Click to watch Zoe Health Study update on 14th July 2022 presented by Tim Spector. For the first time ever, new daily COVID cases have exceeded 350,000 this week. Tim looks at why this is and who's at highest risk of infection. He also brings the latest update on Zoe's research on menopause symptoms and reveals a surprising correlation with snacking! Click to watch Independent SAGE update on 22nd July 2022 A review of the past year following the government declaring the pandemic largely over on 19th July 2021, see notes above. Dr John Campbell speculates on the incredibly high level of infection and what happens next. List of vaccinesModerna is developing a new version of its vaccine designed to protect from both Wuhan and Omicron strains. Here is the updated list of COVID-19 vaccines ordered by the UK. It looks as though the government has settled on the use of Pfizer and Moderna with Astrazeneca now held in reserve. Moderna has been offered for Spring Boosters at the Three Counties Showground. The order for Valneva has been cancelled, but nevertheless it has now been approved for use by MHRA. Click for BBC report - Valneva Covid vaccine approved for use in UK Nuvaxoid (Novavax) was approved in February. The government has signed deals to buy 114 million additional doses of the Pfizer (54M) and Moderna (60M) vaccines to use in 2022 and 2023. The press announcement goes on to say that 60M doses of Novavax vaccine are expected to be delivered in 2022 and 7.5M doses of GSK/Sanofi, so there seems no intention to cancel these late arrivals. Click for Guardian report - Novavax expected to be become fourth Covid vaccine available in UK
Table of vaccines ordered by the UK government
Summary of LinksSome of this information is now out of date but provides a historical context to the epidemic. Information about Coronavirus can be found on the NHS website: https://www.nhs.uk/coronavirus
SymptomsNote: the list of symptoms was updated on 1st April 2022 Article about the effects of Wuhan Coronavirus on the human body
Reporting and how to obtain a testHow to get a test https://www.nhs.uk/coronavirus About joining the Zoe COVID Symptom Study:
GuidanceUK government Coronavirus guidance See also - government sets out next steps for living with COVID COVID-19 Response: Autumn and Winter Plan 2021 for England UK Health and Security Agency (UKHSA) website
COVID Alert statesGuidance on UK COVID-19 alert level methodology: an overview COVID-19 Alert Level lowered to 3 on 10th May 2021
TiersGuidance on tiers: what you need to know Government postcode checker to find tier for other areas
StatisticsUK government COVID-19: Omicron daily overview UK government Coronavirus Dashboard Coronavirus Dashboard Interactive Map ONS data on deaths in England and Wales (Excel spreadsheet) NHS England COVID-19 Daily Deaths NHS England COVID-19 Hospital Admissions NHS England vaccination statistics Worcestershire Coronavirus Dashboard Worcestershire COVID-19 Vaccinations Dashboard
HSA COVID-19 vaccine weekly surveillance reports Information about NHS hospital bed numbers: past, present, future
A glimpse of the worldwide vaccination situation can be found on the Our World in Data website. Click for chart showing % vaccinated
ModellingA forecast of the progression of the COVID-19 epidemic can be found on a University College London (UCL) website. Click for UCL Long-term forecasting of the COVID-19 epidemic A projection of the future COVID-19 death toll and daily deaths can be found on The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation website. Click for IHME projection of COVID-19 deaths
ReportsCoronavirus (COVID-19) latest insights by ONS A live roundup of the latest data and trends about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic from the ONS and other sources.
The bigger pictureWorldometer summary of coronavirus cases worldwide European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control info https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases World Health Organisation info
Window on the USACentre for Disease Control (CDC) Find maps and charts tracking cases, deaths, and trends of COVID-19 in the United States. American Association of Retired People (AARP)
WorcestershireA local summary of COVID data can be found on the Worcestershire Coronavirus Dashboard. Note 1: use the arrow <> buttons at the bottom of the Dashboard screen to move between pages. Note 2: the figures for COVID cases are becoming meaningless as testing is run down. Note 3: deaths are on page 7, and hospital beds on page 9. Click for Worcestershire County Council COVID-19 news There is a colourful webpage offering advice on learning to live with COVID for those aged under 30 years. 'Rona' is slang for Coronavirus. Click for The Worcestershire 'Rona' Hub Click for Simple Summary of Malvern numbers on the Coronavirus dashboard
MiscellaneousSpanish Flu Dr Jeff Kildea's commentary about the 1919 outbreak of Spanish Flu in Australia
Views of Martin McKee, Professor of European Public Health Follow Martin McKee on Twitter Views of Prof Christina Pagel, a member of Independent SAGE Follow Christina Pagel on Twitter
SAGE membership Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE)
Scottish government: Link to Scottish Government website Link to Postcode checker for COVID restrictions by protection level in areas of Scotland
Welsh Government: Guidance on COVID alert levels in Wales
The interpretations and opinions expressed are our own |
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Last updated 24th July 2022 |